Nursing Bullets: Medical- Surgical Nursing. In a patient with hypokalemia (serum potassium level below 3. Eq/L), presenting signs and symptoms include muscle weakness and cardiac arrhythmias. During cardiac arrest, if an I. V. It’s manifested by respiratory distress. To help venous blood return in a patient who is in shock, the nurse should elevate the patient’s legs no more than 4. This procedure is contraindicated in a patient with a head injury. The pulse deficit is the difference between the apical and radial pulse rates, when taken simultaneously by two nurses. To reduce the patient’s risk of vomiting and aspiration, the nurse should schedule postural drainage before meals or 2 to 4 hours after meals. Blood pressure can be measured directly by intra- arterial insertion of a catheter connected to a pressure- monitoring device. A positive Kernig’s sign, seen in meningitis, occurs when an attempt to flex the hip of a recumbent patient causes painful spasms of the hamstring muscle and resistance to further extension of the leg at the knee. In a patient with a fractured, dislocated femur, treatment begins with reduction and immobilization of the affected leg. Herniated nucleus pulposus (intervertebral disk) most commonly occurs in the lumbar and lumbosacral regions. Laminectomy is surgical removal of the herniated portion of an intervertebral disk. Surgical treatment of a gastric ulcer includes severing the vagus nerve (vagotomy) to reduce the amount of gastric acid secreted by the gastric cells. Valsalva’s maneuver is forced exhalation against a closed glottis, as when taking a deep breath, blowing air out, or bearing down. When mean arterial pressure falls below 6. Hg and systolic blood pressure falls below 8. Hg, vital organ perfusion is seriously compromised. Lidocaine (Xylocaine) is the drug of choice for reducing premature ventricular contractions. A patient is at greatest risk of dying during the first 2. During a myocardial infarction, the left ventricle usually sustains the greatest damage. The pain of a myocardial infarction results from myocardial ischemia caused by anoxia. For a patient in cardiac arrest, the first priority is to establish an airway. The universal sign for choking is clutching the hand to the throat. For a patient who has heart failure or cardiogenic pulmonary edema, nursing interventions focus on decreasing venous return to the heart and increasing left ventricular output. These interventions include placing the patient in high Fowler’s position and administering oxygen, diuretics, and positive inotropic drugs as prescribed. A positive tuberculin skin test is an induration of 1. The signs and symptoms of histoplasmosis, a chronic systemic fungal infection, resemble those of tuberculosis. In burn victims, the leading cause of death is respiratory compromise. The second leading cause is infection. The exocrine function of the pancreas is the secretion of enzymes used to digest carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. A patient who has hepatitis A (infectious hepatitis) should consume a diet that’s moderately high in fat and high in carbohydrate and protein, and should eat the largest meal in the morning. Esophageal balloon tamponade shouldn’t be inflated greater than 2. Hg. Overproduction of prolactin by the pituitary gland can cause galactorrhea (excessive or abnormal lactation) and amenorrhea (absence of menstruation). Buprenorphine Transdermal Patch Osteoarthritis Diet And ExerciseIntermittent claudication (pain during ambulation or other movement that’s relieved with rest) is a classic symptom of arterial insufficiency in the leg. In bladder carcinoma, the most common finding is gross, painless hematuria. Parenteral administration of heparin sodium is contraindicated in patients with renal or liver disease, GI bleeding, or recent surgery or trauma; in pregnant patients; and in women older than age 6. Drugs that potentiate the effects of anticoagulants include aspirin, chloral hydrate, glucagon, anabolic steroids, and chloramphenicol. For a burn patient, care priorities include maintaining a patent airway, preventing or correcting fluid and electrolyte imbalances, controlling pain, and preventing infection. Elastic stockings should be worn on both legs. Active immunization is the formation of antibodies within the body in response to vaccination or exposure to disease. Passive immunization is administration of antibodies that were preformed outside the body. A patient who is receiving digoxin (Lanoxin) shouldn’t receive a calcium preparation because of the increased risk of digoxin toxicity. Concomitant use may affect cardiac contractility and lead to arrhythmias. Intermittent positive- pressure breathing is inflation of the lung during inspiration with compressed air or oxygen. The goal of this inflation is to keep the lung open. Wristdrop is caused by paralysis of the extensor muscles in the forearm and hand. Footdrop results from excessive plantar flexion and is usually a complication of prolonged bed rest. A patient who has gonorrhea may be treated with penicillin and probenecid (Benemid). Probenecid delays the excretion of penicillin and keeps this antibiotic in the body longer. In patients who have glucose- 6- phosphate dehydrogenase (G6. PD) deficiency, the red blood cells can’t metabolize adequate amounts of glucose, and hemolysis occurs. On- call medication is medication that should be ready for immediate administration when the call to administer it’s received. If gagging, nausea, or vomiting occurs when an airway is removed, the nurse should place the patient in a lateral position with the upper arm supported on a pillow. When a postoperative patient arrives in the recovery room, the nurse should position the patient on his side or with his head turned to the side and the chin extended. In the immediate postoperative period, the nurse should report a respiratory rate greater than 3. Without cortisol replacement therapy, it’s usually fatal. Glaucoma is managed conservatively with beta- adrenergic blockers such as timolol (Timoptic), which decrease sympathetic impulses to the eye, and with miotic eyedrops such as pilocarpine (Isopto Carpine), which constrict the pupils. Miotics effectively treat glaucoma by reducing intraocular pressure. They do this by constricting the pupil, contracting the ciliary muscles, opening the anterior chamber angle, and increasing the outflow of aqueous humor. While a patient is receiving heparin, the nurse should monitor the partial thromboplastin time. Urinary frequency, incontinence, or both can occur after catheter removal. Incontinence may be manifested as dribbling. When teaching a patient about colostomy care, the nurse should instruct the patient to hang the irrigation reservoir 1. Cyanotic skin blanches, but pigmented skin doesn’t. A patient who has a gastric ulcer is most likely to report pain during or shortly after eating. Widening pulse pressure is a sign of increasing intracranial pressure. For example, the blood pressure may rise from 1. Hg. In a burn victim, a primary goal of wound care is to prevent contamination by microorganisms. To prevent external rotation in a patient who has had hip nailing, the nurse places trochanter rolls from the knee to the ankle of the affected leg. Severe hip pain after the insertion of a hip prosthesis indicates dislodgment. If this occurs, before calling the physician, the nurse should assess the patient for shortening of the leg, external rotation, and absence of reflexes. As much as 7. 5% of renal function is lost before blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels rise above normal. When compensatory efforts are present in acid- base balance, partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (Pa. CO2) and bicarbonate (HCO3–) always point in the same direction: p. H Pa. CO2 HCO3– = respiratory acidosis compensatedp. Before using fentanyl patch: Some medical conditions may interact with fentanyl patch. Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you have any medical conditions, especially. Now we’re in this together. Thanks for subscribing and having us along on your health and wellness journey. See all Healthline's newsletters ». WebMD provides a list of common medications used to treat Pain. H Pa. CO2 HCO3– = respiratory alkalosis compensatedp. H Pa. CO2 HCO3– = metabolic acidosis compensatedp. H Pa. CO2 HCO3– = metabolic alkalosis compensated. Polyuria is urine output of 2,5. Acetaminophen: Take It Safely Acetaminophen is a very safe drug to take according to label instructions. In overdose, too much. The presenting sign of pleuritis is chest pain that is usually unilateral and related to respiratory movement. If a patient has a gastric drainage tube in place, the nurse should expect the physician to order potassium chloride. An increased pulse rate is one of the first indications of respiratory difficulty. It occurs because the heart attempts to compensate for a decreased oxygen supply to the tissues by pumping more blood. In an adult, a hemoglobin level below 1. The normal partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood is 9. Hg (plus or minus 5 mm Hg). Vitamin C deficiency is characterized by brittle bones, pinpoint peripheral hemorrhages, and friable gums with loosened teeth. Clinical manifestations of pulmonary embolism are variable, but increased respiratory rate, tachycardia, and hemoptysis are common. Normally, intraocular pressure is 1. Hg. It can be measured with a Schi. The patient may report thirst and may have clammy skin and piloerection (goose bumps). Cool, moist, pale skin, as occurs in shock, results from diversion of blood from the skin to the major organs. To assess capillary refill, the nurse applies pressure over the nail bed until blanching occurs, quickly releases the pressure, and notes the rate at which blanching fades. Capillary refill indicates perfusion, which decreases in shock, thereby lengthening refill time. Below is a list of picture slideshows covering health and medical topics on RxList. Each slideshow uses pictures, illustrations and images combined with summary. This website uses cookies. Our Cookies information page details how we use cookies and how to manage them. To provide even greater transparency and choice, we are. The FAA has not published an official list of approved drugs. The following list of FAA accepted medications is the most accurate and. Normal capillary refill is less than 3 seconds. Except for patients with renal failure, urine output of less than 3. In elderly patients, the most common fracture is hip fracture. Osteoporosis weakens the bones, predisposing these patients to fracture, which usually results from a fall. Before angiography, the nurse should ask the patient whether he’s allergic to the dye, shellfish, or iodine and advise him to take nothing by mouth for 8 hours before the procedure. During myelography, approximately 1. After angiography, the puncture site is covered with a pressure dressing and the affected part is immobilized for 8 hours to decrease the risk of bleeding.
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August 2017
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